几张图带你解密千亿钻石行业及其百年变迁【图】

 　　shuodaozuanshi，renmenhuibuyouzizhudijiangqizuoweiaiqingdexiangzheng，zuanshidejianying，qichengfendechuncui，zhenghaohemeihaoaiqingdetedianxiangduiying。keshiduiyuzuanshijiujingshizenmexingchengde?tayoushiruhecongkuangqudaodawomendeshouzhong?youshicongheshikaishizuanshiyuaiqingjinmidilianxizaiyiqi?rangwomenyiqilaijiemiqianyizuanshixingyejiqibainianbianqian。

　　图1：金伯利岩筒是世界钻石的主要来源

　　shouxianwomenxianlejiexiazuanshidexingcheng。zuanshizhuyaoxingchengfangshishitanyuansuzaidiqiuneibu130~180kmshenchu，zaigaowengaoyadetiaojianxia(1000~1300℃he45~60kbar)huanmanjiejingerchengde。dangdiqiushenchudeyanjiangxiangdibiaoshangshengshi，yanjianghuiyouyidingjilvbuhuozuanshi，zheiguochengzhongjinyoushaoshuzuanshinenggoushunlididadibiao。hanzuanyanjiangningguhousuoxingchengdeyantong。changjiandehanzuanyantongweijinboliyantong，tashishijiezuanshidezhuyaolaiyuan。

　　图2 钻石开采常见的四种方式

　　zuanshikaicaichangjiandesizhongfangshiweilutiankaicai(open-pit mining)、dixiakaicai(underground mining)、chongjishakuangkaicai(alluvialmining)、liankaicai(offshore mining)。bufenluoluzaidibiaohanzuanyantongzaidazirandezuoyongxiazaodaofenghua，qizhongdezuanshibeidaziranbanyundaoleheliuyuhaiyangdangzhong。zheijiuyoulechongjishakuangkaicaiyuliankaicai。lutiankaicaiyudixiakaicaishizaihanzuanyantongshangjinxingde。neimezuanshidechandidouyounaxieni，shifouzhiyounanfeicaiyouzuanshichanchuma?

　　图3：百年来钻石产地与产量的变化

　　congtuzhongbunankanchu，zaoqidezuanshichanchuqueshizhuyaoshilaizinanfei(1870~1910nian)。suihouzai1910nianzhi1960nianzheiyiduanshijianzhong，feizhouqitadiqudezuanshichanliangkaishizengda，rugangguo、zhayier、namibiya、angeladeng。20shiji60niandaizhihou，zaieluosi、aodaliyayujianadaxiangjifaxianlechuliangjiaodadezuanshikuang，jiashangfeizhoudechandixinxingbociwana，shangshuzheixiechandiyiqizaishijiezuanshidechanchuzhongbanyanlejuzuqingzhongdezuoyong。zheixiezhuyaochanqusuochanzuanshimaopideshifouxiangchuanwenzhongneibanbeiyijiadagongsilongduanni?rangwomenlaikanxiamianliangzhangtu。

　　图4：尽管戴比尔斯所属的中央销售机构/钻石贸易公司(CSO/DTC)的钻石毛坯市场份额不如从前，但从长远来看它仍然是最大的钻石毛坯销售渠道

　　图5：从20世纪70年代开始其他钻石毛坯公司开始尝试新的销售途径

　　图6：Cecil Rhodes 和 Ernest Oppenheimer两位先生在20世纪初的钻石行业中扮演了十分重要的角色

　　shuodaozuanshimaopixiaoshou，budebutideshidaibiersigongsi(de beers)，zheishiyijiayouyingguoshangrencecil rhodeszai1888nianchuangbande，bingzaideyiyingguorenernest oppenheimershouxiafayangguangdadeyijiajizuanshikaicai，maopixiaoshou，zuanshiqiemo，zuanshijiagong，zuanshilingshouyuyishendejituangongsi。daibiersigongsizaiduoda28geguojiazhongyongyouzuanshikuangchan，zhenggezuanshixingyebainianlaidefazhanyuzhixixixiangguan。tu4suoshideshujuxianshi，zhizhi20shiji90niandaishidaibiersirengrankongzhilequanqiuzuanshimaopidegongying。daibiersishiruhezuodaokongzhiquanqiuzuanshimaopigongyingdeni?youshiweihecong21shijikaishiqizuanshimaopidexiaoshoufenekaishixiajiangdeni?yidaibiersiweizhudeqixiashudeyouqitazuanshigongsicanjiadeyuanzhongyangxiaoshoujigou(cso，xianweidtc)，tongguoduizhuyaozuanshishengchanguokongguhuocangu，tigongdaikuandengfangshiyouxiaodikongzhilezuanshimaopideshougoushichang，lingwaigaijigouhaizaifeizhou、geqiemozhongxin、yingguo、eluosi、xianggangdengzuanshijisandishelilebanshichu，duiwaiweishichangdezuanshimaopijinxingshougou，jinerkongzhilequanqiuzuanshimaopidegongying。tu5suoshidexinxishicong20shiji70niandaikaishishijiechudaibiersiwaideqitazuanshikaicaigongsikaishichangshicongcsozhiwaidequdaoxiaoshouzuanshimaopi，qizhongyigezhongyaoxingyebiangelaizi21shijichu，jingguoleyigeweiqi3niandefanlongduandiaocha，daibiersigongsixiangoumengweiyuanhuizuochulechengnuo，baozhengzhubujianshaobingzuizhongtingzhicongeluosizuidadezuanshigongsiaerluosagongsigoumaimaopizuanshi。daibiersigongsicong2006niankaishilvxingchengnuobingzai2008nianwanquantingzhilecongaerluosagongsigoumaizuanshimaopi。qitazuanshigongsiduicongcsozhiwaidequdaoxiaoshouzuanshimaopidechangshi，yuguojizuzhiduidaibiersidefanlongduandiaocha，shidaibiersizaiquanqiudezuanshimaopixiaoshoufenekaishixiajiang。dancongzhangyuankandaibiersirengranhuishizuidadezuanshimaopigongyingshang。weileyingduixindeshichangtiaozhan，daibiersigongsiyeyu2001nianshishileyixiliezhanlvezhuanbian，qixiazuanshimaoyigongsi(dtc)gengshijiangqizongzhicongyuanlaidezuanshimaopilongduangongyingshangzhuanxingchengweiquanqiuzuijiadegongyingshang。zaizuanshimaopishouchuhouzuanshishiruhechuxianzaixiaofeizhedezhijiandeni?

　　图7：八大阶段钻石从“矿区到指尖”

　　qiansangejieduanzaibenwenzhiqiandeneirongzhongyiyoudazhijieshao，zheilibianbuzaizhuishule，zhuyaoshizuanshidekantan、kaicaiyumaopixiaoshou。zaizuanshimaopishouchuzhihou，jiushizuanshiqiemojieduan，zaizheigejieduanzuanshijiangyouculoudemaopibianshenchengweiguangcaiduomudeluozuan。xianjinshijieshangyou4gezhuyaodezuanshiqiemozhongxin：meiguoniuyue、bilishianteweipu、yiselietelaweifuheyindumengmai。ciwaieluosiyuwoguozaishijiezuanshiqiemodediweizhongzhengzaiyurijuzeng。xiamianzhei4zhangtuweizuanshiqiemodeyibanguocheng(tuweizhoudafudezuanshiqiemogongchang)。

　　图8 专业仪器对毛坯进行扫描后，数据传入电脑，电脑计算出最优的切割方式

　　图9：根据电脑的切磨方案，用激光对钻石进行切割

　　图10：激光对钻石进行进一步的切割

　　图11：用带有钻石的抛磨工具将钻石打磨成火彩四溢的裸钻

　　qiemochengxingdeluozuanliuruluozuanpifashanghuozhubaojiagongchang，jingyouzhubaoshejishisheji，gongchangzhizuochengshoushichengpinyoulingshoushangfuzexiaoshou。zaizheixiehuanjiezhongnaxiegongsibanyanzheguanjiandejiaoseni?

　　图12：钻石毛坯与裸钻复杂的流通系统

　　图13：钻石行业主要为私营公司所统治，许多公司为家族企业

　　congtu12bunankanchu，zuanshimaopidegongyingzhuyaoyouaerluosa(alrosa)、daibiersi(de beers)、lituo(rio tinto)yubihebituogongsi(bhp billiton)suozhangwo。zhihoudecongmaopidaozuanshixiangqianjiagonghuanjie，zhuyaoyouliangzhongqingkuang，yixieyoushilidegongsiduziwanchenglezheixiehuanjie，haiyouyixiexiangduiguimoxiaodegongsifenbiedulijingyingzhemaopiqiemo、luoshipifa、zuanshixiangqiandenghuanjie，jutigongsimingchengcankaotu13。zuizhonglingshouhuanjiebutongqudaodejiaojiaozheru：dianshigouwu，meiguoqvcgongsi;wangluoxiaoshou：lanseniluohe;baihuogongsi，macy’s yu harrods;zhekoushangdian，woerma;zhubaoliansuodian，gelafu、difunideng。xiamianwomenlaikankanzaishangshujigehuanjiezhongzuanshixingyedelirunshiruhefenpeide。

　　图14：钻石最大的价格增幅来自于钻石的零售环节

　　图15：钻石行业最高的利润空间来自于钻石开采，其次为钻石零售

　　tu14zhichu，congmaopixiaoshoukaishizuanshidejiagezaizuizhongdelingshouhuanjietishengfuduzuida，zheiyangdetishengyuzuizhonglingshoushangdegeleijingyingchengbenyupinpaijiazhiyouzhemiqiedelianxi。suiranlingshouhuanjiedezuanshijiagezengfuzuida，danshitu15deshujubiaomingzuanshikaicaihuanjiedelirunkongjiancaishizuigaode，lingshouhuanjiedelirunxiangbijiaodi。suoyixianjinzhujiankaishiliuxingdegoumailuozuanbingzixingweituogongchangxiangqiandefangshibushiweishengqiandehaofangfa。shuolezheimeduozuanshiliutongdeneirong，neimezuanshiyoushishenmeshihoukaishizenmeyangchengweiaiqingdexiangzhengdeni?

　　图16：深入人心的市场营销活动成功的将钻石与爱情联系到了一起

　　图17：随着强有力的市场推广以钻石戒指作为订婚信物的需求等到了极大的提升

　　zaizuanshiheaiqingchenggongdekunbangzaiyiqideguochengzhong，daibiersigongsifahuilebukemomiedezuoyong。zheigechaoliuzuizaoshicongmeiguokaishide，zhihouchuanxianglequanshijie(jiantu16)。zai20shiji40niandai，daibiersigongsiyixiliedetuichuleyi“a diamond is forever”weizhutideyingxiaohuodong，biru：daibiersijiangdali、bijiasuoyijiqitazhimingyishujiadehuazuorongrudaolezuanshiguanggaozhong;lingyigeqiangyoulidexuanchuanshizaiyingguoyilishabainvwangfangwennanfeiqijiandaibiersiyongzuanshizuoweiliwuzengyuleta。zai1950zhi1990nianzheiduanshiqi，daibiersigengshichuzipaishelexuduojiangzuanshiyuaiqingjinmixiangliandehaolaiwudianying，tongshidaibiersihaijinkenengranghaolaiwumingxingmendaishanglexiangyouzuanshidezhubaoshoushi。suihoude1990zhi2000nianzhong，dtctuichuleyimeixiangyousankezuanshidejiehunjinianrijiezhi，yiyu“weilenideguoqu、xianzaiyuweilai”，qiangdiaozhezuanshiyuaiqingdelianxi。zhihoudaibiersituichulexindeyingxiaomubiao，neijiushigulinvrenweizijigoumaizuanshi。yucitongshineixiehaolaiwudawanjixudaizhezuanshishoushichuxizhegezhongdianyingjie、shizhuangzhouyupinpaifabuhui。zhongzhongzheixieqiangyoulishichangtuiguangdejidadicijileshichangduizuanshidexuqiu(jiantu17)，shizhenggezuanshixingyeshengjibobo。

　　zhideyitideshizhongguonianqingrenkaishijieshouzuanshizuoweidingqingxinwushishiyu1993nian，dangnianyiju”zuanshihengjiuyuan，yikeyongliuchuan“deguanggaoyuzaizhongguodaluguangweiliuchuan，zaineizhihoudeershiduoniandeshijianlizheijuguanggaoyuyulaizixifangdewenhuachenggongdigaibianlezhongguonianqingrendehunqingzhubaogoumaixiguan，xianzaizhongguodenianqingrenjibenxingchengle”wuzuanbuhun“degainian。